4. Katonaság, háború A1C2 (108) – altémák

1. Katonaság (33) 2. Fegyverek (25) 3. Háború, csata (50)

attack verb /əˈtæk/ 1 támad, megtámad (vkit/vmit) (támadást intéz) [I or T]

He was attacked and seriously injured by a gang of youths.

Most wild animals won't attack unless they are provoked.

capture verb /ˈkæp.tʃər/ [T] 1 elfog (pl. katonát); elfoglal (pl. várost)

Two of the soldiers were killed and the rest were captured.

Rebel forces captured the city after a week-long battle.

clash verb /klæʃ/ 1 összeütközik, összecsap (harcban/vitában) [I]

Government troops clashed with rebel soldiers.

Many young people clash with their parents over what time they must be home at night.

conquer verb /ˈkɒŋ.kər/ meghódít (országot); leigáz (népet); leküzd (nehézséget) [I or T]

The English were conquered by the Normans in 1066.

defeat verb /dɪˈfiːt/ [T] 1 legyőz (ellenséget, ellenfelet)

Napoleon was defeated by the Duke of Wellington at the battle of Waterloo.

If we can defeat the Italian team, we'll be through to the final.

defend verb /dɪˈfend/ 1 véd, megvéd vmit (küzdelemben, harcban); védekezik [T]

How can we defend our country if we don't have an army?

I'm going to karate lessons to learn how to defend myself.

White blood cells help defend the body against infection.

destroy verb /dɪˈstrɔɪ/ [T] lerombol, megsemmisít; elpusztít

Most of the old part of the city was destroyed by bombs during the war.

The accident seemed to have completely/totally destroyed his confidence.

fall verb /fɔːl/ [I] *(fell, fallen) 3 vereséget szenved, elbukik; megbukik (pl. kormányzat)

In 1453 the city fell to the Turks.

fight verb /faɪt/ *(fought, fought) 2 harcol (háborúban) [I or T] (!)

Millions of young men fought in World War One.

invade verb /ɪnˈveɪd/ 1 lerohan, megszáll (hadsereggel); betör, benyomul (pl. országba) [I or T] (!)

Concentrations of troops near the border look set to invade within the next few days.

occupy verb /ˈɒk.jʊ.paɪ/ [T] 3 megszáll (katonaság)

The troops eventually occupied most of the island.

raid verb /reɪd/ [T] 1 rajtaüt (katonaság)

Armed soldiers raided the village.

resist verb /rɪˈzɪst/ 2 ellenáll (támadásnak) [T]

British troops resisted the attack for two days.

retreat verb /rɪˈtriːt/ [I] visszavonul (pl. katonaság); hátrál, meghátrál

The army was forced to retreat.

surrender verb /sərˈen.dər/ megadja magát; beszolgáltat, átad

Rebel troops are refusing to surrender.

win verb /wɪn/ *(winning, won, won) 4 nyer, megnyer (háborút, csatát, vitát, stb.), győz

They won the war, but with heavy losses.

Everyone likes winning an argument.

action noun /ˈæk.ʃən/ 3 akció, hadművelet, bevetés [U]

He was killed in action.

ally noun /ˈæ.laɪ/ [C] 2 szövetséges (ország) (pl. háborúban)

During World War One, Turkey and Germany were allies.

attack noun /əˈtæk/ [C or U] 1 támadás, roham (erőszak/rombolás)

a racist attack

a terrorist attack on the capital

The town was once again under attack.

battle noun /ˈbæt.l̩/ 1 csata, ütközet (háborúban) [C or U]

The battle lasted for several hours.

He was killed in battle.

bombing noun /ˈbɒm.ɪŋ/ [C or U] bombázás; bombatámadás (!)

The city came under heavy bombing.

campaign noun /kæmˈpeɪn/ [C] 2 hadjárat

a bombing campaign

combat noun /ˈkɒm.bæt/ [C or U] küzdelem, ütközet (!)

The aircraft was shot down in combat.

conflict noun /ˈkɒn.flɪkt/ [C or U] 2 összeütközés, konfliktus (összecsapás)

armed conflict

defeat noun /dɪˈfiːt/ 1 vereség [C]

After their defeat in battle, the soldiers surrendered.

Norwich City have suffered their worst defeat of the season.

destruction noun /dɪˈstrʌk.ʃən/ [U] pusztulás; pusztítás

Many people are very concerned about the destruction of the rainforests.

Unusually high winds left a trail of destruction over southern Britain.

weapons of mass destruction

enemy noun /ˈen.ə.mi/ 2 ellenség (hadsereg, ország) [C usually no plural] (!)

enemy forces/territory

The enemy had succeeded in stopping our supplies from getting through.

fighting noun /ˈfaɪ.tɪŋ/ [U] harc, küzdelem (főleg háborúban)

Fierce fighting has continued all day.

invasion noun /ɪnˈveɪ.ʒən/ [C or U] 1 invázió, idegen megszállás (katonai) (!)

They were planning to mount an invasion of the north of the country.

liberation noun /ˌlɪb.əˈreɪ.ʃən/ [C or U] felszabadulás; felszabadítás

Leaving school was such a liberation for me.

the liberation of all political prisoners

line noun /laɪn/ [C] 9 vonal, arcvonal (kat.)

They were trapped behind enemy lines.

occupation noun /ˌɒk.jəˈpeɪ.ʃən/ (formal) 3 megszállás (pl. katonai) [U]

a military occupation

operation noun /ˌɒp.ərˈeɪ.ʃən/ [C] 2 művelet, akció (mentési, katonai, stb.) [C]

a military operation

Following the earthquake, a large-scale rescue operation was launched.

The operation to fly in supplies will begin as soon as possible.

raid noun /reɪd/ [C] 1 rajtaütés, váratlan támadás (katonai)

an air raid

a dawn raid

resistance noun /rɪˈzɪs.tənts/ 3 ellenállás (szervezet) (a megszállókkal szemben) [no plural]

She was active in the resistance.

retreat noun /rɪˈtriːt/ [C] 1 visszavonulás (pl. katonaságé)

Enemy soldiers are now in (full) retreat.

slaughter noun /ˈslɔː.tər/ [U] mészárlás; vágás, levágás (állaté)

They were sickened by the slaughter they witnessed.

strategy noun /ˈstræt.ə.dʒi/ [C] stratégia

the government's economic strategy

a military strategy

a long-term strategy

We're working on new strategies to improve our share of the market.

tactic noun /ˈtæk.tɪk/ [C] taktika

These bomb attacks represent a change of tactics by the terrorists.

target noun /ˈtɑː.gɪt/ [C] 1 célpont (pl. támadásé); céltábla (pl. lövészeten)

a military target

I had four shots but I didn't even hit the target.

Any major airport or station is potentially a terrorist target.

Foreign businesses in the region have become a target for attacks.

victory noun /ˈvɪk.tər.i/ [C or U] győzelem

Phoenix managed a 135-114 victory over Denver.

Grant won/achieved/gained a comfortable/easy victory over Cooper in yesterday's match.

This result is a victory for democracy.

war noun /wɔːr/ 1 háború [C or U] (!)

nuclear war

civil war

a war film/grave/hero

If this country goes to war we will have to face the fact that many people will die.

Britain and France declared war on Germany in 1939.

War broke out between the two countries after a border dispute.

They've been at war for the last five years.

fierce adjective /fɪəs/ 1 heves, vad, brutális, erőszakos (csata, lövöldözés, stb.); támadó

a fierce dog

a fierce attack/battle

Two men were shot during fierce fighting last weekend.

innocent adjective /ˈɪn.ə.sənt/ 3 ártatlan (áldozat)

Several innocent civilians were killed in the bombing.

strategic adjective /strəˈtiː.dʒɪk/ stratégiai (üzleti, politikai, háborús, stb.)

strategic planning

strategic weapons

The new offices are in a strategic location, with easy access to the motorway.

strategically adverb /strəˈtiː.dʒɪk.li/ stratégiailag (üzleti, politikai, háborús, stb.)

A few strategically placed police officers monitored the situation.

Phrasal verbs:

break out /breɪk/ kitör vmi (tűz, háború, stb.)

War broke out in 1914.

The fire broke out in the early morning.

Fighting has broken out all over the city.

tear apart ↔ sth /teər/ 1 szétszakít, kettészakít (országot, családot, pártot, stb.)

The country was torn apart by 12 years of civil war.

Phrases and idioms:

get/gain the upper hand fölébe kerekedik vkinek

Government troops are gradually gaining the upper hand over the rebels.

keep/hold sth at bay védekezik vmi/vki ellen, távol tart (ellenséget, kedvezőtlen hatást)

Gunmen kept police at bay for almost four hours.

8. lecke (A1) – 21. lecke (A2) – 47. lecke (B1) – 78. lecke (B2) – 97. lecke (C1) – 117. lecke (C2)